Why is seduction often committed by male perpetrators

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Cindy Struckman-Johnson, a psychology professor at the University of South Dakota, has studied male victims of sexual assault since Studies showing widespread sexual coercion and assault by women against men, on college campuses and elsewhere, have trickled in consistently for decades, but they haven't entered the public discussion of sexual violence, she explains.

They just can't put it together. Even after decades of feminist activism, many discussions of sexual violence still center on telling women to stay sober and be cautious around men. The ideas behind that advice—the image of men's sexual desires as constant and all-consuming and of women as the gatekeepers to sex—also makes it impossible for many people to imagine men as victims.

If men are always seeking sex, and frequently shot down by disinterested women, then they should be grateful—or at least not traumatized—by any kind of sexual attention from a woman. Taking sexual coercion against men seriously gives us even more reason to fight against those stereotypes.

Assumptions about male and female sexuality are deeply engrained in the way with think about sexual encounters. Research consistently shows that Americans are more likely to find coercion of men by women acceptable, compared with the reverse. We're also more apt to label an incident of heterosexual sex as rape if it involves a male aggressor and female victim, perhaps in part because men are seen as more threatening.

In some cases, people code coercive behaviors by men as aggressive but coercion by women as romantic and seductive. News reports and training programs on sexual assault may acknowledge that it's possible for men to be victims, but they typically focus almost entirely on male-on-female assaults rather than the reverse.

But, if dismissing sexual assaults against men goes against the evidence, assuming that their experiences are the same as women's does too. While coercion and assault are surprisingly common experiences for college men, they're still much more common for college women. A study that Struckman-Johnson led found that 58 percent of college men had been pressured for sex after saying no since age 16 , but for women that rate was 78 percent.

Women also typically use less violent tactics than men to push for sex. The paper, which considered "post-refusal tactics" including repeated touching, emotional manipulation, intoxication, and violence, found that 22 percent of women and nine percent of men had been physically restrained by a member of the other gender demanding sex. In this sample, 55 percent of the female victims reported having physical force used against them, compared with 10 percent of the men.

Among the men's descriptions is one of a woman who "came over out of the blue just to talk. She started getting fresh, I pushed her off times. I said no and told her I didn't want to do it with her. I gave in. End of story.

A third wrote: "She layed on top of me when I was drunk and took my clothing off and went to work. Men who experience sexual assault or other violence by intimate partners are less likely than women to report the incidents to the police. They frequently think no one will believe a woman sexually assaulted them, are embarrassed at not being able to fend off an attack by a woman, or harbor fears of being perceived as "gay" or not masculine for not wanting to have sex, Struckman-Johnson suggests.

The reported effects of coercive experiences are also markedly different for men than women on average. More than a quarter of the male students in the survey said they had good or very good experiences with the sex despite their initial refusals, while none of the women did. Another 27 percent of the men called the experience bad or very bad, compared with 88 percent of the women.

Only 22 percent of men reported bad long-term effects, compared with 78 percent of the women. Some of the difference in long-term trauma may be related to the lower levels of serious violence faced by the men, but there's also evidence that men may not always give accurate accounts of the impact of sexual coercion on their lives. Particularly when women are the perpetrators, assumptions about appropriate gender roles may make them less likely to acknowledge lasting effects.

The literature suggests that around one in five men who are sexually coerced experience long-term effects. For those who do, the fallout can be serious, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress. The negative effects are particularly common in cases where older women take advantage of teenage boys, especially when alcohol is involved.